Heavy Metal Analysis by Spectrophotometric Equation

Textile Industry is one of the most significant and biggest industrial sectors known. In terms of environmental impact it exhibit very important role, since it consumes huge quantity of textile industrial processed water and generates vastly polluted discharge water. This industry utilizes high volume of water throughout its operation, from the washing of fibers to bleaching, mercerizing, dyeing, printing and washing of finished products and releases waste water in the nearby water reservoirs which makes the water harmful to aquatic organisms and plants. Therefore this study is carried out to find the concentration of Titanium metal in effluent water and for that the samples were collected from textile dyeing industries of Bhiwandi city, District Thane, State Maharashtra, and analysed for amount of Titanium metal present in the effluent water by spectrophotometric method and equation. The level of this metal obtained by present experimental work is less than the standard value. It was therefore concluded that textile effluents are safe with regards to Titanium metal pollution.


1.Introduction
Wastewaters from the factories were untreated and that high amounts of pollutants, as shown by the high values of pollution characteristics, were discharged from them daily in to the nearby water bodies.These pollutants are known to destroy micro-organisms stabilizing wastes in the receiving stream and leading to a reduction in the self-purifying capacity of the stream (4,17). Water supply systems and drinking water inaccessibility in developing countries is a global concern that calls for immediate action. About 884 million people in the world still do not get their drinking water from approved sources, and almost all of these people are in developing regions . Providing quality drinking water to all citizens who are deprived of access to water will serve as the breaking point of poverty alleviation in most developing countries. Having reliable drinking water is now recognised by United Nations as a human right. A heavy metal is any metallic element that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous even at low concentrations. Heavy metals exist as natural constituents of the earth crust and are persistent environmental contaminants, because they cannot be degraded or destroyed (5,7,13). Titanium has its application in several industries ,used for making different alloys, there is a increase use of titanium in different field due to which it become necessary to analyse the titanium metal by simple and sensitive techniques, as several other techniques are reported by literature survey which are highly sophisticated and expensive but spectrophotometric method of analysis are quite simple,rapid ,interference free and cheap technique of analysis of titanium metal (15,16,18). Heavy metals are generally bounded with inert material and concentration of these metals have increased many times because of manmade activities. Human exposure to harmful heavy metals can occur in many ways, ranging from the consumption of contaminated food, exposure to air-borne particles, and contact or consumption of contaminated water and accumulate over a period of time. Water related diseases can often be attributed to exposure to elevated heavy metal concentrations of both organic and inorganic contaminants. Many of these compounds exist naturally, but their concentration has increased as a result of anthropogenic activities (5, 14). Large quantity of water is used for various dyeing and finishing processes in the textile industry. In turn this industry releases huge quantity of waste water with elevated level of organic matter which undergo biodegradation slowly with great difficulty and which has importunate color which is resistant to light, temperature, detergents or microbial attack. The textile dyeing industry has always sought systems that provide maximum efficiency. It is known that these industries have used over 100,000 different dyes with a production of 700,000 tons per year . Up to 15% of this is discharged as waste water. Therefore, it can be estimated that around 50,000 tons of dyes are discharged as waste water annually due mainly to ineffective processes of dyeing or dyes with low affinity with fibers. Cotton is the substrate that requires the most water in this process. The cotton dyeing industry mainly uses reactive dye reagents. These dyes represent approximately 20-30% of the total consumption of dyes (310,11).

Material & Method:
The effluent collected from three different industries of Bhiwandi city located in District Thane, State Maharashtra. Sampling done in the afternoon from 12.30 pm to 1.30 pm and effluents were collected in a plastic containers of one liter capacity after washing with 1% nitric acid, rinsing with double distilled water. The samples were preserved under refrigeration till complete analysis. It is necessary to save the sample from alteration in composition and deterioration due to several interactions. All the reagents used for the analysis were AR grade and double distilled water was used for preparation of solutions (1,2). Titanium metal form complexes with hydrogen peroxide in acidic medium having maximum absorption at 410 nm and 460 nm. Absorbance of series of standard solution of Titanium metal is measured at both the wavelength along with absorbance measurement of effluent water.

Statistical Analysis:
Data produced in present work were evaluated using Microsoft excel spreadsheet. Measured values of heavy metals were analyzed using MS excel software to create means,median,mode,maximum value, minimum value,error,average deviation, standard deviation and variance. The data are represented as mean ± standard deviation. Differences in concentration levels obtained for a given parameter along sampling sites were evaluated in terms of error.     specific tolerance unknown A study of hygienic standard for titanium in the source of drinking water: Chronic toxicity test of titanium in rats showed that the maximum noneffective concentration was 1.08mg/L. It is suggested that the maximum allowable concentration of titanium in drinking water may be 0.1 mg/L (12). Assessment of toxicity of titanium indicates that acute toxicity through oral path was of low order of magnitude as per toxicity classification.

3.Result and Discussion:
Titanium has shown no evident collective outcome, nor was there mutagenesis confirmable (12).

Conclusion:
The textile industry is one of the larger consumers of potable water and, consequently, produces a huge amount of wastewater. Although the typical characteristics of textile factory wastewaters have

Amount of Titanium in mg
Amount of Titanium in mg  (3). Always there is a need to develop simple, costeffective and eco-friendly treatment systems for the remediation of textile effluents to minimize water pollution for sustainable environmental and economic development (9). Several studies clearly indicates that surface water/groundwater are getting contaminated slowly due to rapid industrialization. Therefore, it is necessary to enforce water quality regulations for industries setting up effluent treatment plants.
Proper treatment of textile industry effluents is needed before their safe disposal into water bodies. Industries should be set up with their independent effluent treatment plants and should remain effectively operational in order to safeguard the quality of water for future generations. Separate drainage system must be constructed to prevent direct discharge of industrial effluents into water bodies. The disposal sites for industrial and urban wastes should be away from the residential areas in the city. Strict implementation of environmental regulations is necessary. As the level of Titanium metal is below standard limit therefore Textile dyeing industrial water from Bhiwandi city are safe with respect to toxicity of titanium metal ion.