Automated Herbal Hydroponics

Abstract

The proposed system introduces an intelligent hydroponics model that integrates Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) to enable automated, data-driven plant cultivation without the use of soil. The system employs an ESP8266 microcontroller for real-time monitoring of temperature & humidity, light intensity, and nutrient concentration using DHT11, LDR, and TDS sensors respectively. Sensor readings are displayed on LCD and transmitted wirelessly to the ThingSpeak cloud platform, which enables continuous visualization and remote supervision of environmental conditions. Based on ambient light levels, the controller automatically regulated LED grow lights through a relay module, while a constant-speed water pump ensures uninterrupted nutrient circulation. An ESP32-CAM module provides live video streaming of the plant, and a YOLOv11-based computer-vision model executes plant detection, size estimation, and growth assessment. Power management is achieved by 12-V supply with buck converters to maintain stable operation across all components.